Architecture ofLinux OperatingSystem

Overview of Linux Operating System:

1. Definition and Development:

• Linux is an open-source, UNIX-based operating system used globally.

• Developed around the Linux kernel, it offers low-cost or free services including a graphical interface and various software tools.

1. Linux Distribution:

• A Linux distribution packages the Linux kernel with system libraries, software, and management tools tailored for specific needs.

• Popular distributions include Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, and Linux Mint.

1. Main Components:

• Kernel: Manages hardware resources and facilitates process execution.

• Shell: Interface for user commands.

• Utilities: Command-line tools for system management.

• Applications: Software performing specific tasks.

• Documentation: Manuals and guides for users and developers.

1. Key Functions of the Linux Kernel:

• Manages hardware resources and virtualizes them for processes.

• Controls process execution to avoid conflicts and ensure efficiency.

1. Types of Kernels:

• Monolithic Kernel: Executes all processes in kernel space, providing high performance but potentially less stability.

• Microkernel: Separates user and kernel services, enhancing modularity and stability.

• Hybrid Kernel: Combines monolithic kernel speed with microkernel modularity.

1. Main Subsystems of Kernel:

• Process Scheduler: Fairly distributes processing time among running processes.

• Memory Management Unit: Optimizes memory distribution for stability and efficiency.

• Virtual File System: Provides unified access to data across different file systems.

1. System Libraries:

• Provide functions for applications to interact with the kernel efficiently.

• Examples include the GNU C Library and libpthread for multithreading support.